News
Groundbreaking Discovery: First Nitrogen-Fixing Organelle Identified in Eukaryotic Cells
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An international team of researchers has made a monumental breakthrough in biology by discovering the first known nitrogen-fixing organelle within a eukaryotic cell, challenging long-held beliefs that only bacteria could perform this essential function.
This organelle, termed a “nitroplast,” represents only the fourth instance of primary endosymbiosis documented—a pivotal process where a prokaryotic cell becomes part of a eukaryotic cell, evolving into an organelle.
The discovery was detailed in two recent papers, with significant contributions from Tyler Coale, a postdoctoral scholar at UC Santa Cruz. “This finding rewrites the textbooks, as it’s an event that has shaped complex life throughout Earth’s history, similar to the development of mitochondria and chloroplasts,” Coale explained.
The nitroplast was identified within marine algae where the UCYN-A, a type of cyanobacterium previously thought to be just a closely associated symbiont, has co-evolved with its algal host beyond mere symbiosis.
This relationship was first hinted at in 1998 when Jonathan Zehr, a distinguished professor of marine sciences at UC Santa Cruz, discovered a mysterious DNA sequence in Pacific Ocean seawater. It took decades of subsequent research and collaboration to understand the true nature of UCYN-A.
Recent studies published in Cell and Science journals confirm the integration of UCYN-A into the algal host, exhibiting classic organelle characteristics. These include synchronized growth with the host cell, the importation of proteins from the host, and inheritance patterns akin to other organelles. “The nitroplast scales with its host cell similar to how mitochondria and chloroplasts function within their eukaryotic cells,” Zehr added.
This evolution seems to have occurred around 100 million years ago, providing a relatively recent example of organellogenesis compared to the ancient origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. The nitroplast’s ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen is crucial, especially considering its widespread presence in tropical to Arctic oceans, highlighting its significant ecological role.
Moreover, this discovery holds promising implications for agriculture by potentially offering new methods to naturally integrate nitrogen fixation into crops, thus reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers which are a major source of global CO2 emissions.
As research continues, the scientific community anticipates further insights into UCYN-A and its integration as a nitroplast, hoping to uncover more such evolutionary phenomena in other organisms. Kendra Turk-Kubo, assistant professor at UC Santa Cruz, will further this research in her new laboratory, aiming to deepen understanding of natural nitrogen fixation and its applications.
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News
Billionaire Ken Griffin Buys Stegosaurus Fossil for $45 Million
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Ken Griffin, the billionaire investor, just bought a nearly complete Stegosaurus fossil for a staggering $44.6 million at a Sotheby’s auction. This fossil, named “Apex,” is one of the most complete Stegosaurus skeletons ever found.
The auction’s final price was much higher than the expected $4 million to $6 million, setting a new record for dinosaur fossil sales. The previous record was $31.8 million for a T. rex named Stan, sold in 2020.
Griffin said, “Apex was born in America and is going to stay in America!” He plans to loan the fossil to an American museum so the public can see it.
The Stegosaurus, which was found in Dinosaur, Colorado, is 27 feet long and 11 feet tall. It lived about 150 million years ago. The fossil was discovered by paleontologist Jason Cooper in 2022.
Some scientists are unhappy with such fossils being sold to private buyers instead of museums or research centers. However, Griffin’s plan to loan Apex to a museum could help make it accessible to everyone.
Griffin, who has a net worth of $37.9 billion, has donated over $2 billion to various causes. His latest purchase continues his tradition of supporting museums and public exhibits.
In summary, Ken Griffin’s purchase of Apex not only breaks records but also aims to educate the public by making this rare fossil available for viewing.
Celebrities
House of the Dragon Season 2 Episode 4 Review: A Fiery Clash Unleashed
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The latest episode of House of the Dragon delves deep into the fantasy world that Game of Thrones fans have come to love. Initially, Game of Thrones captivated audiences by minimizing fantasy elements, focusing instead on political intrigue and brutal realism. However, House of the Dragon now fully embraces its fantastical roots, delivering a visually spectacular and emotionally intense episode.
The climax of this episode stands out with its breathtaking dragon battle, marking a significant shift from mere sigils and background dragons to full-fledged aerial combat. The sight of three dragons clashing over a besieged castle, while soldiers scramble for cover below, provides the epic fantasy spectacle that fans have been eagerly anticipating. These scenes finally bring the Targaryen family’s fiery feud to life, showcasing the destructive power of their dragons.
Prince Aemond (Ewan Mitchell) emerges as a central figure, riding the formidable dragon Vhagar into battle without hesitation. His ruthless determination contrasts sharply with the hesitation he showed after Lucerys’ death last season. Aemond’s actions are calculated, ensuring his brother is committed to a fight he cannot win. Meanwhile, Rhaenys (Eve Best) displays a deep understanding of the stakes, yet chooses to engage in the battle, adding to the episode’s intensity. Aegon II (Tom Glynn-Carney), goaded into battle, faces severe consequences for his arrogance, highlighting the personal toll of these conflicts.
This episode is not just about dragon battles; it also excels in its human drama. At Harrenhal, Daemon (Matt Smith) struggles with his sanity, influenced by Alys Rivers (Gayle Rankin) and the cursed heartwood bed he sleeps in. His hallucinations of young Rhaenyra (Milly Alcock) add depth to his character’s internal conflict. The Targaryen civil war extends beyond dragon fights, affecting various factions and revealing the complexities of loyalty and power in Westeros.
The episode also offers insights into the Targaryen family dynamics. Aegon’s council scenes highlight his disinterest in ruling, contrasted with Aemond’s fluency in High Valyrian and strategic acumen. Queen Alicent (Olivia Cooke) grapples with her own challenges, including a medical abortion, and her interactions with Aegon reveal the sacrifices made to secure his throne. Alicent’s conversation with Ser Larys (Matthew Needham) hints at her doubts about her son’s legitimacy, adding another layer of intrigue.
Rhaenyra (Emma D’Arcy) returns to a divided council, with Rhaenys and Corlys (Steven Toussaint) attempting to maintain order. Rhaenyra’s reluctant decision to send Rhaenys to defend Rook’s Rest underscores the difficult choices she faces as she navigates the realm’s politics and the prophecy of the Prince Who Was Promised.
Directed by Alan Taylor, known for his work on Game of Thrones, this episode masterfully balances political maneuvering with intense warfare. Taylor captures the darker sides of characters like Daemon, Larys, and Aemond, adding depth to the narrative. Aemond’s triumphant yet sinister demeanor as he stands over his wounded brother encapsulates the episode’s tension and drama.
As the Targaryen family’s internal conflict heats up, House of the Dragon promises more thrilling episodes ahead. If the rest of the season follows this episode’s lead, fans are in for a captivating and fiery journey.
Celebrities
‘F1’ Teaser: Brad Pitt and Damson Idris Star in New Formula 1 Racing Movie
![Formula 1 racing film](https://thebusinessanalytics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Formula-1-racing-film.avif)
The teaser for the highly anticipated Formula 1 racing movie, aptly titled “F1,” starring Brad Pitt, has been released. The Apple Original Films production also features Damson Idris alongside Pitt.
In “F1,” Pitt portrays former Formula 1 driver Sonny Hayes, who makes a comeback to the sport, partnering with and mentoring rookie teammate Joshua Pearce, played by Idris. The film’s ensemble cast includes Kerry Condon, Javier Bardem, Tobias Menzies, Sarah Niles, Kim Bodnia, and Samson Kayo. Bardem takes on the role of the APXGP team boss.
The movie has been filmed at real Formula 1 events, including last year’s British Grand Prix and the Rolex 24 at Daytona sports car race in January. Fans can look forward to a special sneak peek of the film at the upcoming British Grand Prix on July 7, as announced by the official Formula 1 account on Twitter.
Both Pitt and Idris are present at the July 7 British Grand Prix, where the fictional APXGP team has set up a full hospitality unit in the F1 paddock. According to The Athletic, both actors have driven racing cars as part of the filming process.
Renowned Formula 1 champion Lewis Hamilton has played a significant role in the film’s development, including contributing to the scriptwriting. Directed by Joseph Kosinski, known for his work on “Top Gun: Maverick,” the film is produced by Pitt, Hamilton (through his production company Dawn Apollo Films), Jerry Bruckheimer and Chad Oman for Jerry Bruckheimer Films, and Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner. The screenplay is penned by Ehren Kruger, who collaborated with Kosinski on “Top Gun: Maverick.”
“F1” is slated for an international theatrical release by Warner Bros. Pictures on June 25, 2025, and will debut in North America on June 27, 2025.
With a star-studded cast and thrilling racing scenes shot at real F1 events, “F1” promises to be an exhilarating addition to the world of racing films. Fans of Brad Pitt and Formula 1 alike can look forward to this high-octane movie hitting theaters next summer.
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